To maintain health, the American Heart Association recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate exercise at least 5 days a week. During moderate exercise, equivalent to a brisk walk, there is a shift to greater use of fat as a fuel. Due to the large size of leg muscles, walking, running and cycling are the most effective means of exercise to reduce body fat. With use, muscles consume energy derived from both fat and glycogen. ĭieting for calorie restriction is advised for overweight individuals by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and United Kingdom's NICE. However, a large study of adults found that obesity was associated with differences in brain structure, largely due to shared genetic factors, suggesting that interventions for obesity should not focus solely on energy content, but also take into account the neurobehavioral profile that obesity is genetically associated with. There is evidence that dieting alone can be effective for weight loss and improving health for obese individuals. A diet high in added sugars such as those in soft drinks increases weight. High protein diets do not appear to make any difference. ![]() At two years these three methods resulted in similar weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized. A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between three of the main diet types (low calorie, low carbohydrate and low fat), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss in all studies. Main article: Dieting Treatment selection based on BMI Treatmentĭiets to promote weight loss can be divided into four categories: low-fat, low-carbohydrate, low-calorie, and very low calorie. Dietary and lifestyle changes are effective in limiting excessive weight gain in pregnancy and improve outcomes for both the mother and the child. Greater weight loss results, including amongst underserved populations, are achieved when proper nutrition is regularly combined with physical exercise and counseling. ĭiet programs can produce short-term weight loss and, to a lesser extent, over the long-term. Its use is associated with high rates of gastrointestinal side effects. Its use produces modest weight loss, with an average of 2.9 kg (6.4 lb) at 1 to 4 years, but there is little information on how these medications affect longer-term complications of obesity. Īnother medication, orlistat, is widely available and approved for long-term use. ![]() It is associated with a loss of 6-12% body weight along with mild gastrointestinal side effects. ![]() In June 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved semaglutide injection sold under the brand name Wegovy for long-term weight management in adults. Another study also found reduced mortality in those who underwent bariatric surgery for severe obesity. One study found a weight loss of between 14% and 25% (depending on the type of procedure performed) at 10 years, and a 29% reduction in all cause mortality when compared to standard weight loss measures. Surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality. The most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Ī 2007 review concluded that certain subgroups, such as those with type 2 diabetes and women who undergo weight loss, show long-term benefits in all-cause mortality, while long‐term outcomes for men are "not clear and need further investigation." Treatment for obesity often consists of weight loss via healthy nutrition and increasing physical exercise. Although many studies have sought effective interventions, there is currently no evidence-based, well-defined, and efficient intervention to prevent obesity. ![]() Management of obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.
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